这里就一些读者来信提出的一些关于介词的问题,谈几点意见。
有一读者举了下面两个例子:
(1)He turned on the light.
(2)He turned on the boastful man and stuck on.
然后写道:书上说例(1)中的 on 是副词,例(2)中的 on 是介词,请问应如何判断 on 是介词还是副词呢?
关于短语动词中的 on 一类的小品词是介词抑或副词的问题,一般语法书所给的答案是:副词的位置可以移至宾语之后,介词的位置则不可移动。如上述例(1)即可将 on 移至宾语 light 之后,变为:
(3)He turned the light on.
可见 on 在此是一个副词。而例(2)中的 on 则不可移动,可见 on 在此是一介词。
其实,除上述方法外,还可以从动词本身的性质来分析这个问题。你只要查一下词典,比如说英国牛津大学出版社出版的《现代高级英语学习词典》(The Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English ),你就会发现例(1)中的 turn 是一及物动词,意谓 cause to move round a point (转动)。由此即可反证例(1)中的 on 不可能是介词。
再看例(2)中的 turn,其意是 move so as to face in a different direction (转身),显然是一不及物动词,由此可以证明 on 是一介词。
通过上述分析,亦可看出,介词 on 的原义(即表方向,往往有敌意)仍很明显,而副词 on 的原义就不甚明显了。
还有一种辨别的方法,即试将句中的宾语变为人称代词宾格。小品词 on 如是副词,则必须放在代词之后,反之, on 如是介词,则仍不可移动,即须放在代词之前。这样,例(1)即可变为:
(4)He turned it on.
例(2)即可变为:
(5)He turned on him and stuck on.
顺便提及,上述例(1)与例(3)虽然可以互换,但如细加揣摩,二者并不完全同义。至少其着重点有所不同:例(1)的重点是 the light,而例(3)则强调副词 on。又,例(1)与例(2)的句子重音亦不相同:例(1)可重读副词 on,例(2)则不可重读介词 on,而应重读谓语动词 turned。
一位读者在信中提到 turn on (副词)是短语动词, turn on (介词)是介词动词。
是的,现在有的语法家不把它们统统称之为短语动词,而是将它们区分为短语动词与介词动词。但在我国似乎仍多按照传统语法,将介词动词包括在短语动词之中。
有一位读者问:
(6)_____the weather will become cold.
这一道题应填 after a month,还是应填 in a month?
一般语法书和词典都认为,在过去某一时间或在将来某一时间之后,才能用 after,如:
(7)The game began at ten o'clock and after ten minutes I overwhelmed him. (after 短语表在过去某一时间之后)
(8)I think you'd better go to the technical school, and after a few years you'll be able to work as a technician in our factory. (after 短语表在将来某一时间之后)
但如以现在时间为起点,则须用 in,如:
(9)I'll see you again in three days.
照此规则,这一填空题就须用 in a month,不可用 after a month,因为该题显然是以现在时间(即说话人的说话时间)为起点。这条规则,对初学者来说,无疑是很重要的。但对已具有一定英语水平的同志来说,它就有点绝对化了。我们知道,上述例(9)中的 in three days 可意谓“三天之后”,亦可意谓“三天之内”或“三天左右”,其含义并不明确。如需明确指出“三天之内”或“三天之后”,我们就不能用 in 了。这时,我们就须分别用 within 和 after (要重读),例(9)即可变为:
(10)I'll see you again within three days.
(11)I'll see you again after three days.
在这种情况下,介词 after 也可以现在为起点。这样的例子并不罕见,再如:
(12)I may come after a day or two.
(13)“We get burned all the time,” Pierre said. “After about two weeks, you'll have a blister and it'll take about two weeks more to clear up.”(摘自《居里夫人的故事》)
反过来说,介词 in 如意谓“在……之内”,亦可用于过去或将来,如:
(14)In two days he came back.
(15)I'll tell him I'll come back in two days.
有一读者问:
(16)On hearing the news, he turned pale.
一句中的 on 从何而来?它与 as soon as 有何区别?
只要查一下词典,即可知道介词 on 本身即可表时间。其本义是 at the time of, 在所引的例(16)中,则引申为 immediately after。从此引申之义可以看出,它强调次序的先后,而 as soon as 则强调“立即”,表两个时间相接得很快(这正是 soon 的本义)。另外,很明显, on 只能引导一个介词短语,多用在较正式的文体中;as soon as 只能引导一个从句,常可用在日常口语之中。
有一读者来信问及下面两句中介词 by 的含义及其所引导的介词短语的句子功用:
(17)By irritability we mean the ability of a living thing to respond to stimuli.
(18)By stimuli are meant changes in the environment.
介词 by 在这两句中皆表示手段(means),相当于汉语的“通过”,其所引导的短语都用作状语。例(18)是一倒装被动句,如变为主动句,则相当于:
(19)By stimuli we mean changes in the environment.
由此更可清楚地看出 by 短语的状语功用。
一位读者还问到下面两句中 by 与 with 的区别:
(20)The window was covered with boards.
(21)The window was covered by boards.
这两句话的含义相近但不相同。例(20)强调状态, was covered 是系表结构, with 表用料;例(21)强调动作, was covered 是被动结构。所以有时不可能用 by 而只能用 with,如:
(22)The basin is filled with water.
(23)The ground was covered with snow.
有时 with 与 by 皆可用在被动句中,这时 by 往往表人, with 往往表物或抽象概念,如:
(24)He was killed by the enemy. (by 表人)
(25)He was killed with an arrow. (with 表物)
再比较:
(26)The child was seized by the kidnappers. (by 表人)
(27)The child was seized with a fever. (with 表抽象事物)
但如表抽象的手段,则常用 by,如:
(28)It was sold by retail.
(29)Languages can be learned by imitation.
一位读者在信中问到 at the top of 与 on the top of 的区别。
at the top of 意谓“某一事物的上部”,与 at the bottom of 相对。如以山为例, at the top of the hill,即指在山的上部(包括山的顶部),如:
(30)At the top of the hill I was invited to admire the panorama of the city.
再如:
(31)He wrote a note at the top of the page.
这个短语介词也可用作比喻,如:
(32)He is at the top of the class.
(33)He shouted at the top of his voice.
on the top of (或 on top of)的意思是“(一物)在另一物的上面”,让我们再以山为例:
(34)There is a temple on the top of the hill.
再如:
(35)On top of the dictionary is a grammar book.
(36)There is cream on the top of the milk.
这个短语亦可用于比喻,如:
(37)When Ruth won first prize in the contest, she felt as though she was sitting on top of the world. (on top of the world 意谓乐不可支)
(38)Mary worked at the store all day and on top of that she had to baby-sit with her brother. (on top of that = 除此以外)
最后,让我们谈谈又一位读者提出的下面两句的 knock at 与 knock on 的区别:
(39)He knocked at the door.
(40)He knocked on the door.
knock at the door 与 knock on the door 在意义上并没有什么不同,皆意谓“敲门”。二者常可互换。但 knock at 多用于“门”,knock on 则不限于“门”,亦可用于其他事物,如:
(41)I'm sure I heard someone knocking on the window just now.
又,在固定词组 knock on wood 中亦须用 on,不可用 at,如:
(42)Let's knock on wood. (knock on wood 是一固定词组,迷信以为〈夸说好运后〉用手碰碰木头可以保住好运)
