再谈一些介词的用法问题

又有读者来信提出几个有关介词的问题,现让我们一一讨论如下:

有一读者提出一个例句:

(1)He climbed up the steep cliff.

问到动词 climb 是否是不及物动词?如是,the steep cliff 就是介词 up 的宾语?

是的, climb 在此确是不及物动词, up 也确是介词,故而 the steep cliff 只能是 up 的宾语。但例(1)如不强调方向,即可不用介词 up,变成:

(2)He climbed the steep cliff.

这样, climb 就变成了及物动词。由此可见,英语里有许多动词既可用作不及物动词,亦可用作及物动词。而且有些动词有时用作及物动词与不及物动词的意义也没有什么不同, climb 即是一例,再如:

(3)We walked (through)the streets.

(4)The horse jumped (over)the fence.

(5)He passed (by)me in his car.

有一读者来信问及一道选择题:

(6)Now we can receive TV programmes_________manmade satellites.

A. over B. through C. between D. from

为什么答案是B而不是A?

应该用through,不可用over,因为电视节目是“通过”而不是“越过”人造卫星而到达地面的。此题亦可填 from,表示电视节目“来自”人造卫星。

这位读者还问到在这句话中:

(7)I was learning English on the radio.

为什么可以用介词 on 表示“通过”?又,on与by有什么区别?

介词 on 在此表示手段,所以可译为“通过”,但其本义还是“在……之上”。同样的用法还有 on the air, on the telephone 等。介词 by 亦表手段,但它后接的名词比较抽象,且不可用冠词 the,只可说 by radio, by air, by telephone,正如须说 by bus, by train 一样。

一位读者在信中问到:

(8)Great changes have taken place the last two years.

一句中 the last two years 之前为什么没有介词 in? 是否省去了?什么情况下可以省去?

是的,这里是省去了介词 in。一般说来,介词的省略多见于非正式文体之中,常见的情况有如:

(9)I have been there a week. (a week 前省去 for)

(10)What colour is it? (what colour 前省去 of)

(11)We are the same age. (the same age 前省去 of)

(12)You may come any time of the day. (any time 前省去 at)

(13)The factory has recruited many new workers the past three years. (the past three years 前省去 in)

(14)He had difficulty breathing. (breathing 前省去 in)

(15)I could have told it him. (him 前省去 to)

(16)I sent the letter airmail. (airmail 前省去 by)

(17)I'll see you Monday morning. (Monday morning 前省去 on)

(18)Are you through your work yet? (your work 前省去 with)

(19)What stopped him coming? (coming 前省去 from)

(20)They came in the front door. (the front door 前省去 through)

但省略介词必须合乎英语习惯,比如在否定句中一般不可省去介词 for:

(21)I haven't seen you for ages.

一位读者来信问到下面两个句子哪一个正确:

(22)He is the tallest of the class.

(23)He is the tallest in the class.

从纯语法观点来看,上述两句可能都正确,但实际上,人们常用例(23),恐怕很少会用例(22)。如用例(22)的句子结构,可以说:

(24)He is the tallest of them all.

(25)He is the tallest of the three.

也可以说:

(26)He is the tallest of the lot.

(27)He is the tallest of the group.

但必须说:

(28)He is the tallest in the family.

(29)He is the tallest in the school.

看来应该用 in 还是应该用 of, 勿宁说是一个习惯用法的问题。他又问例(23)中的介词短语 in the class 是状语还是定语?我们看in the class是定语,修饰 the tallest (student)。如将例(23)改写为:

(30)He is the tallest of all the students in the class.

更可看出 in the class 的定语作用了。

这位读者还问到“儿童书籍”应译作 a)books for children,还是 b)books of children,还是 c)children's books?

最常用的译文是 c)。译文 a)意味着“为儿童写作的书籍”或“赠送给儿童的书籍”等(具体何义由特定情景而定)。 b)则一般指“为儿童们所有的书籍”。

又一位读者来信问下列成对的句子中介词的区别:

(31)The shop is situated at the corner. (a)

The shop is situated on the corner. (b)

(32)The window niches were free of dust. (a)

The table is kept free from dirt. (b)

(33)The same is true of my wife. (a)

The same is true with my wife. (b)

上述三对句子中,每对句子中的两个介词皆可相互通用,在意义上也都没有什么不同。但例(31)的(a)句似乎多用于英国,(b)句似乎多用于美国,虽然也用于英国。如强调地点的一点,则应用 at,如:

(34)He wiped at the corner of his mouth with the napkin.

请注意例(31)与例(34)中的 corner 皆指大角度(大于180°)而言,如指小的角度,则应用介词 in,如:

(35)I am a bed in the corner of the room.

例(32)中的 free of 与 free from 作“没有”或“免于”解时,常可通用,但说“免税”、“免费”等时则须用 free of,如 free of charge。如有“摆脱”之义,似乎也多用 free of,如:

(36)She knew she was still not free of him.

(37)In a short while I'll be free of all my worries.

(38)With the introduction of electrical equipment into each household, the Chinese find themselves able to enjoy more time free of household chores.

例(33)中(a)句用 of,似乎合乎常规,但当代英语用 with 甚至 for 的情况也并不罕见。

这位读者还问 on the road 与 in the road 有何不同?短语动词 agree with 为什么还可以后接非人的事物?

介词短语 on the road 有两个意思:一是表静态,意谓“在路面上”,如:

(39)There is ice on the road .

二是表动态,意谓“走在路上”,相当于 on a journey (在去某地的旅程之中),如:

(40)We were on the road for two days.

我们在路上走了两天。

这个短语也常用作比喻,如:

(41)He is well on the road to recovery.

它如用于剧团等文艺团体,则又可意谓“在进行巡回演出”了。

介词短语 in the road 则只表静态, in 意谓“在……范围之内”。如将此短语直译成汉语,应是“在路之中”(当然一般皆译为“在路上”)。如说:

(42)There is ice in the road .

则意谓“在路之中有冰”。再如:

(43)She was walking in the road .

(44)Do you see that lady there in the road ?

(45)She sat down in the snowy road .

关于短语动词 agree with,一般教科书和词典说它只可用于人,如:

(46)I don't agree with you.

其实这句话的意思是:

(47)I don't agree with what you say.

这不正说明 agree with 之后为什么也可以跟非人的概念吗?但正如例(47)所表明的那样, agree with 后所接的非人的概念一般皆指话语、意见、建议、立场等,如:

(48)I agree with everything you say about the case.

(49)I fully agree with the statement.

(50)They all agreed with my stand.