有一读者问:but 和 yet 都是转折连词,它们的用法有何区别?
转折连词一般指 but, yet, however, nevertheless 等,这也就是说,它包括并列连词与一些连接副词。
but 与 yet 的不同之处,首先在于 but 是并列连词,yet 则既可用作并列连词,亦可用作连接副词。让我们先将作为并列连词的 but 和 yet 大致区别如下:
先看并列连词 but。but 的用法主要有二。其一是表示前后对照时,二者并不彼此形成对立或矛盾,如:
(1)He is tall but his sister is short. (but 在此可译作“而”)
(2)It's not a pen, but a pencil. (but 常用在一否定结构之后,这里 but 可译作“而是”)
(3)She is not only a writer, but a critic. (but 在此用在一固定句型中)
(4)Excuse me, but will you show me the way to the station? (but 常用在 excuse me, sorry 等词语之后)
(5)—Let's play a trick on her.
—But how? (“but + 疑问词”结构常用在反问中)
(6)—Why didn't you go?
—Oh, but I did go. (感叹词,oh,ah 等常后接 but)
其二,but 表示前后对照时,二者亦可含有对立或矛盾,但一般都比较轻松自然,无甚出人意外之处,如:
(7)The hero is dead, but his name still lives.
(8)She is American but she lives in England.
(9)I would like to come, but I can't.
(10)—It's time to go home.
—But It's only nine o'clock.
(11)—Why didn't you go?
—But I did.
(12)You may not believe it, but that's true. (but 常与 may 连用)
(13)He is old, indeed, but he is healthy. (but 常与 of course, indeed, it is true 等词语连用)
然后再看并列连词 yet。yet 表示前后对照时,一般总是意味着二者不仅对立或矛盾,而且这种对立或矛盾往往是比较强烈的,是出人意外的,如:
(14)He worked hard, yet he failed.
(15)I miss him, yet I am glad he went.
(16)He has read through the book, yet he knows nothing about it.
(17)Jane said she was ill, yet I saw her in the street just now.
(18)The tongue is not steel yet it cuts. (谚语)
为了说明 yet 所表示的对立或矛盾较 but 强烈,我们愿再引用美国出版的一本具有权威性的同义词词典对这两个并列连词所做的比较:
(19)This is not winter, but it is almost as cold.
(20)It is well on in May, yet it is almost as cold as in midwinter.
你看例 (20)中 yet 所表示的对立或矛盾不是明显地比例 (19)中的 but 强烈吗?
然而人们并不如此严格地将 yet 与 but 加以区分。他们常常将 yet 用作 but,如:
(21)She sold her house, yet she can't help regretting it. (yet 在此显然并不表示一种强烈的出人意外的矛盾)
yet 除可用作并列连词外,还可用作连接副词,正唯其如此,它可以与并列连词 and 或 but 连用,构成常见的 and yet 或 but yet (常用在口语中),实例如:
(22)They are the same and yet not the same.
(23)The logic seems sound, but yet it does not convince me.
最后,让我们谈谈 although (或 though)...yet...这一结构中的 yet 应是什么词类的问题。我们都知道 although (或 though)...yet...结构只可用 yet (常可不用),但不可用 but。如:
(24)Although they are rich, yet they are not happy.
可是为什么不可用 but 呢? yet 在此是什么词类呢?我们认为,这两个问题其实是一个问题。其答案应该是:正是因为 yet 不是并列连词,而是连接副词,所以 although (或 though)之后可用 yet 而不可用并列连词 but。事实上,一个由从属连词 (包括 although 或though)引导的从句一般皆不可后接一并列连词 (包括 but),但后接一连接副词则是可以的。
