这个 that 从句是同位语从句吗?

有一读者问: 请看此句:

(1)Lesson 5, that we found so interesting, is about how animals hibernate or halfhibernate in winter.

有人说 that we found so interesting 是同位语从句,对吗? 请讲讲同位语从句和定语从句的区别好吗?

我们倾向于: that 从句是定语从句,that 是关系代词, 它的先行词是 Lesson 5。 以that 引导的定语从句多是限制性定语从句,其前不用逗号。 但 that we found so interesting 却是非限制性定语从句,其前有逗号,而这正是其不寻常的地方。人们会问: that 可不可以代之以 which 呢? 二者在此有什么区别呢? 回答是肯定的,同样也可以说 which we found so interesting。 区别在于 that 从句较为重要,不像 which 从句 (纯粹是一种插入语)可有可无。再如:

(2)I looked at Mary's sad face, that I once so passionately admired.

(3)Once he piped a kind of country love song, that he must have learned in his youth.

有时 that 的先行词也可以是人,如:

(4)She's devilish like Miss Catler, that I used to meet at Dumdum.

但也有的语法家认为上述 that 从句是同位语从句。他们认为这些 that 从句之前是省去了 namely。 这样分析亦言之成理,但在实际教学中,作为定语从句处理可能较为方便。

同位语从句与定语从句的根本区别在于: 前者表示与先行词等同,如:

(5)The fact that he was not here makes no difference. (that 从句与先行词 the fact 等同)

(6)The rumour that prices were going to rise led to a rush on the shops. (that 从句与先行词 the rumour 等同)

(7)A message that he would be late arrived by special delivery. (that 从句与 a message 等同)

(8)The belief that no one is infallible is wellfounded. (that 从句与先行词 the belief 等同)

(9)He could see no reason why he should not dance. (why 从句与先行词 reason 等同)

定语从句则相当于先行词的定语,用以述说先行词的品质、活动、特征等,故与先行词不是同一的,如:

(10)It's a fact that no one can deny. (用作定语的that 从句与先行词 the fact 不是同一物)

(11)The rumours that are being circulated should be entirely disregarded. (用作定语的 that 从句与先行词 the rumours 不等同)

(12)I've received the message (that)you left for me yesterday. (用作定语的 that 从句与先行词 the message 不等同)

从以上的对比中,还可以看出上述两种从句有以下两点不同处:

1. 同位语从句中的that是连词,一般不可省去 (先行词 fact 后的同位语从句有时可省去连词 that); 定语从句中的that 是关系代词,作宾语时可省去,例如12)。

2. 同位语从句的先行词必须是表抽象概念的名词,如 fact, proposition, reply,remark, belief, plan, conclusion, impression 等。 定语从句的先行词则比较具体。有一部叫做《当代英语语法》的书举了一个很有趣的例子:

(13)A report that he stole was ultimately sent to the police.

如果先行词 report 表抽象动作,说“他偷了东西”,that 从句就是同位语从句。 如果先行词 report 指一具体物件,是被“他偷去”的,从句便成了定语从句。

但是,同位语从句与定语从句也有一些相同处:1.二者皆以先行词为中心词;2.二者皆由 that 所引导(定语从句当然不限于 that); 3.二者皆有限制性和非限制性之分。有时二者十分相似,所以有不少语法书将它们放在一起讨论。