一些读者来信问到名词的数与动词一致的问题,现一并回复如下:
问一:在 Bread and milk is wholesome food.和Bread and butter is my usual breakfast.这两句中为何都用 is?
这是因为 bread and milk 和bread and butter 实际上已成为一种食物、具有单一概念的缘故。但如指两种相互独立彼此无关的东西,则仍须用复形动词,如:
(1)Bacon and butter have gone up in price.
(2)Ham and eggs are not sold here.(ham and eggs 在此不是火腿炒鸡蛋,而是两样单独的食品)
问题中所提的例子都是不可数的物质名词,其实,成为一体的不可数抽象名词亦用单形动词,如:
(3)Trial and error is the source of our knowledge.
(4)All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.
(5)The tumult and shouting was dying.
成对配套的可数单形名词亦用单形动词,如:
(6)The wheel and axle was out of repair.
(7)A brace and bit is a tool used for making holes.
还有由一单形名词和一复形名词构成的一体亦须用单形动词,如:
(8)Fish and chips is a popular Cockney supper.
(9)Eggs and bacon is a common breakfast dish in England.
上述例句多属现成说法。但有时也可以照此句型独创,如:
(10)“Oh man—fire, fire!” he cried. “A good master and a bad servant is fire, fire!” (a good master and a bad servant 显然是这个“主人”按照自己的观点编的,表一单一概念)
也有些尚不固定的两可情况,既可用单形动词,也可用复形动词,如:
(11)Time and tide wait(s) for no man.
问二: 在《美国20世纪小说选读》(下册)有这样一句话: On the mother's side comes teachers, also one actor. 全句是什么意思? 为什么用单数动词 comes?
这是一个倒装句,意思是:母系亲属中出了一些教师,还出了一个演员。在倒装句中,由于须在确定主语的数之前道出谓语动词来,所以常常无法顾及主语的数而先用了单形动词,这和there is 之后常接复形名词的道理完全一样。问中所引的句子之所以用comes 而主语却是复形,原因亦在于此。这样的情况在当今英语中并不少见,再如:
(12)Just then in the distance was heard the horns and the hum of at least two motorcycles speeding swiftly in the direction of this very spot.
但较多的情况是:单形动词后接一个以上的单形名词,如:
(13)Her face wore a puzzled, troubled, nervous look, in which was mingled fear, sorrow, depression, distrust, a trace of resentment and a trace of despair .
也有单形动词后接一个单形名词加一个复形名词的情况,如:
(14)Leading the list of awards from fellow journalists is the National Headliners Award for Outstanding Achievement in Journalism and two New York Associated Press Broadcasters Awards for Excellence.
然而,在规范英语中,上述例句仍以用复形动词为妥。因为即使比较开明的英语学者也认为单形动词是“大众语”,不能登大雅之堂。我们作为外国人(对英语国家来说)在运用英语时更应慎重一些为好。
问三: 在正常词序中,有没有复形主语使用单形谓语动词的情况呢?
有的,而且不少,但大都有理可循。现举一些较常见的例子如下:
(15)Billiards is not exclusively a men's game. It is also played by women. (billiards 虽是复形,但不可数,相当于一个抽象名词)
(16)A cold or nerves was the possible cause. (nerves 是“神经质”的意思)
(17)Lamb's Tales of Shakespeare is widely read by students of English.(Tales of Shakespeare 是一本书的名称)
(18)Two weeks is a long time when you are ill in bed. (two weeks 在此指一段时间)
(19)Six miles is not far. (six miles 在此指一段距离)
(20)Five dollars is not a lot of money. (five dollars 在此指一笔钱的价值)
(21)Brown's works was small. (works 在此指一座工厂)
(22)Where is your manners ? (manners 在此指礼貌)
(23)His remains was left in the mortuary. (remains=尸体)
(24)Economic conditions points to further inflation. (conditons 在此相当 于一个不可数抽象名词)
