有一位读者提出了一个很重要也很有趣的问题。他先举了一例:
(1)They all have a sweet tooth.
然后问道: 为什么不可以说 They all have sweet teeth? 主语用复数,宾语用单数,岂不矛盾?
我们说,并不矛盾。这是一个名(代)词与名(代)词的数的一致的问题。为了便于讨论,我们姑且将前者唤作“主名(代)词”,将后者唤作“次名(代)词”。主代词 they 和次名词tooth 数形上虽然不同,但在数念上却是一致的。they all 表面上是复数形式,然而它们的数念则是单数,表示“他们每一个人都爱吃糖或甜食”,相当于 They each have a sweet tooth.。 另外,a sweet tooth 是一比喻, 已成习语,意谓 a liking for things that are sweet, 故不可更改不定冠词 a, 也不可将 tooth 变为teeth。 同样,我们必须说:
(2)They all had a drop too much.
绝不可因为主语是复数形式而将 a drop 也改用复数形式。其实,如果你愿意的话,你尽可将a sweet tooth和a drop too much 看作抽象概念。而表抽象概念的抽象名词,与复形主名(代)词连用时,我们知道一般是不用复数形式的,如:
(3)We must try to use our intellect to the greatest advantage. (不可将 intellect 改为复数形式)
(4)They were all given a chance to show their skill. (这里 all 也等于 each, 故chance 用单数。 skill 则表不可数的抽象概念,如用skills 则有“各种”的含义)
(5)They were forced into marriage,and the marriage relation was embittered. (marriage 在此是纯表抽象概念的)
物质名词一般不可数,所以与复形主名(代)词连用时,也不用复数形式,如:
(6)Quite a few families buy their furniture on hire-purchase. (furniture 是物质名词,不可数)
(7)In those days you could see many buses driven on gas. (这里gas 不可数 ,主名词不是全句的主语,而是buses)
复形主名词泛指一类事物时,次名词常可用单数形式,如:
(8)Camels have a hump on their back. (这里的 camels 泛指骆驼,故次名词 hump 与back 皆用单形)
(9)In those years widows wore a black veil. (widows 泛指“寡妇”)
(10)The working people in New China are leading a happy life. (the working people 在此代表整体,故life 用单形)
(11)Most houses have a front door at the front and a back door at the back. (次名词 door须用单数形式,表示每栋房子只有一个前门和一个后门,如用复形 doors 则会引起误会)
(12)Three of them gave their answer immediately. (此句主语是数词 three, 但表复念。可是次名词 answer 须用单形,表示每一个人只给一个回答。如用 answers 则会被误解为每个人的回答不止一个)
(13)All the students were provided with a notebook.(单形 notebook 意为每人一本,如用 notebooks 则会引起误会)
(14)I must be seeing things: I can't believe the neighbours have got a new car. (如用复形cars则会被误解为每个邻居买的新车不止一辆)
(15)When each person comes in they must show their ticket.(如用 tickets 则会被误解为每人不止一张票。顺便提及, they 在此指代 each person, 表单数概念)
主名(代)词与次名(代)词之间的数的一致问题还有很多方面,限于篇幅,这里不可能一一讲到,但只要按照上述分析去探索,去思考,我们相信其它问题也会解决的。
现在让我们谈谈另一位读者提出的问题吧。他在信中先列出下面两个他遇到的句子:
(16)There are a lot of machine parts on the table.
(17)A number of new products have been successfully trial-produced.
接着写道: 在一个句子中,谓语必须同主语的人称与数相一致,因此上述二例中的 are 与 have 应分别改为 is 与has, 不知对否?
也许是由于 a lot 和a number 的数形是单数吧,在例(16)中用 is、在例(17)中用 has 的人确实也不少。但严格说来,两例仍皆应用复形动词,因为 a lot of machine parts 和 a number of new products 常被看作表复数概念的名词词组。在这两个词组中,中心词分别是 machine parts 与 new products, 而不是a lot 与 a number, 因为在人们心目中, a lot of 和a number of 已变成用作定语的固定词组了。
有一位美国学者明确指出,number 与不定冠词 a 连用时,动词须用复数形式,如:
(18)A number of boxes were sent.
但number 前如是定冠词 the, 动词则须用单数形式,如:
(19)The number of boxes is small.
但须补充一点,there is 是一特殊情况。尤其在口语中,人们往往会不加思索地先用 there is (或更为普通的 there's)开头,所以其后的名词用单复形皆可。
